CopterSpotter 2023 Report
Mission
HelicoptersofDC is dedicated to bringing DC residents the most accurate and up-to-date information on what's overhead and to foster collaboration and education about helicopter identification and mission profiles. 2021's GAO report found that 96.3% of helicopter noise complaints to the MWAA from 2018-2021 were unattributed to any specific operator, DC helicopters have endangered peaceful protesters and even ice skaters. This is why we feel it's important to educate the community on helicopter identification in addition to reporting what is happening currently and why.
I'd like to thank our Patreon supporters, their contributions cover server costs and allow me to invest in hardware to bring radio calls to the platform.
Unique Strengths of the CopterSpotter System
Many flight tracking sites like Flight Aware, Plane Finder and Radar Box remove flights at the owner's request. Even ADSBExchange, which doesn't filter any flights, does not receive tracking information from most military helicopters due to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 14, Chapter I, Subchapter F rule 91.225 which makes an exemption to mandatory flight transponders for "sensitive government mission for national defense, homeland security, intelligence or law enforcement." We have found this exemption to be broadly applied to flights as innocuous as honorary funeral flyovers at Arlington Cemetery and Air Force recruiting events. This makes an enormous amount of helicopter flights over the NCR untraceable in any systematic way. As a result, we rely on user submitted photos and identification of helicopters in addition to a separate system that allows users to categorize helicopter radio calls to/from DCA tower.
Acknowledgement of Data Shortcomings
As borrowed from the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System:All CopterSpotter reports are voluntarily submitted, and thus cannot be considered a measured random sample of the full population of like events. One thing that can be reasonably expected from Copterspotter data is that the number of reports received represents the lower measure of the true number of such events that are occurring.
A unique quality to Copterspotter data - unlike ADSB - is it inherently represents the helicopters that people notice. In other words: if a helicopter flies over a forest and no one is around to hear it, as far as CopterSpotter is concerned - it didn't happen. Another way of thinking about it: CopterSpotter is like the Nielsen ratings of DC helicopters: what helicopters D.C. residents are currently watching.
One bias we acknowledge is what we will call "rarity bias," or that someone would decline posting a medical helicopter, for example, because it is too common and does not interest them. As a spotter, you can mitigate this bias by deciding whether you will post a CopterSpotter sighting before you see or attempt to photograph the helicopter.
Types and Operators
Luckily the DC area is uniquely positioned to benefit from CopterSpotter data because:
1. The high proportion of military and government agency flights that are not reported on ADSB
2. Operators can be reasonably inferred by aircraft type. If a user can identify type based on blades on the primary rotor, landing gear and tail shape, we can infer the operator with a high degree of accuracy.
*See "Proportional Comparison of our Data to GAO/DoD" below for examples of operator overlapTransparency Statement
We want researchers and residents to have access to this data so we have made an anonymized copy of the 2023 data set, after corrections were made to types based on provided images, available for download in the CSV format here. In addition, the last year of our data is browsable on The CopterSpotter Map, our computer vision model is public and it is available on the Roboflow Universe.
Data Overview
Over 6,000 Spots in 2023
I attribute a 1,000 spot downturn since 2022 to the platform change from Twitter to Telegram and our website. I expect this year's election will see an uptick in resident helicopter queries around security flights as we saw in 2020.
Year-To-YEAR Comparison
Unknown spots were up this year. Air Force 1st Helicopter Squadron UH1N continue to dominate our data set, demonstrating the necessity of tracking these types that not even the FAA has data on.
2022 Distribution of Helicopters by Operator
Interestingly, news helicopters only make up "the tip of the iceberg" while Park Police spots grew dramatically since last year.
476 Radio Calls Transcribed in 2023
This year our radio transcription program included 32 uses of the undocumented helicopter route across NW "split the P's" between prohibited zones of the Naval Observatory and White House/National Mall (highlighted in red).
The most common route was 1 (133) that follows the Potomac and Anacostia converging at Haines Point and the most common zone was 2 (113) over NW and NE DC.
We mapped 141 Air Force "Musel", 109 Presidential "Nighthawk", 37 Coast Guard "Blackjack" and 35 Army "PAT" and 34 Park Police "Eagle" helicopter radio calls.
The total transcriptions were down from over 1000 in 2022 as we transitioned the program to Telegram, where the user experience is much better, but the user base is smaller than Twitter. If you'd like to try it yourself, click here to join a private group that is testing OpenAI Whisper transcriptions to separate helicopter calls from DCA approach traffic or type "/radio" in CopterSpotterBot to hear the latest traffic from DCA tower.
Area Carjackings Responsible for Uptick in Police Helicopter Flights
DC Police's Carjacking Dashboard.
We also track air-to-air helicopter radio that is almost exclusively used by DC and Prince George's County Police helicopters to coordinate aerial assets. Very occasionally (as it is only used when two police helicopters are operational) this gives residents insight into police helicopter operations, descriptions of vehicles, suspects and their bailouts into buildings and wooded areas.
Insight into ADS-B Exemptions and Noise Abatement
BRINGING OUR CONCERNS TO AREA CONGRESSMEN
In May I had meeting with Congressman Beyer and Congresswoman Norton's staff to discuss ADS-B exemptions, noise reporting programs and how we can better inform residents of aircraft operations. One hard to quantify improvement was we have seen much better reporting of Arlington Cemetery flyovers via AlertDC since Norton's team reached out to them.
Congresswoman Norton Writes DoD, DHS, FAA and Park Police to Inquire About ADS-B Transponders
After my meeting with Congresswoman Norton's team, she wrote a letter to DoD, DHS, Park Police (Dept of Interior), and FAA to inquire about the use of ADS-B exemptions. We intend to follow this up with a comprehensive investigation into military ADS-B exemption use since the law's 2020 inception.
Def Con Policy Workshop
At this year's Def Con I was able to attend Harley Geiger's Policy Hacking Workshop. I now have alerts configured for regulations.gov for anything pertaining to ADS-B policy so the next time military exemptions is elgibile for comment I can submit my reporting.
A Comprehensive Look at Don Beyer's Plane Noise System
Congressman Beyer, working with Congressman Connolly and commercial helicopter lobbyists from the EHRC and HAI announced a pilot program for a new helicopter noise complaint system. On April 25th, 2023 the results of the pilot program were announced along with changes to the FAA helicopter route chart and a commitment by neighboring municipalities to adopt the system and its cost from Federal tax payers. This privatizes an existing FAA complaint system and makes previously public data opaque to residents and reporters.
Because of lackluster coverage by mainstream outlets I decided to write up a comprehensive report here.
Same Operators, New Types
The Sikorsky VH92A has continued testing to replace the president's VH3D.
As Alexander Soule reported in July: "They're already in service for some of the presidential missions," said Paul Lemmo, president of Sikorsky, during a Connecticut Business & Industry Association forum late last month. "Right now there's a mix of the new aircraft and the old aircraft, and over the next year or so we expect the VH-92 to take over completely."
DHS Retires Area S76's
The mysterious Customs and Border Patrol S-76s written about on The Drive have been officially retired from their position in Manassas. We have seen new CPB AS350 liveries (white with single blue tail stripe) in the area since the retirement.
Air Force Grey Wolfs Still Awaiting Recertification
As Stephen Losey reports for Defense News: "The first two field-ready MH-139A Grey Wolf helicopters are now in final assembly and Boeing said it expects the long-awaited delivery of the first of these helicopters to the Air Force in mid-2024." It is expected that these will join the Air Force 1st Helicopter Squadron's aging UH1N Hueys, changing the noise profile of DC's most prevalent helicopter operator. If and when these are rolled out broadly in the D.C. area it will be a challenge for our computer vision program as they are the same body type as Maryland State Police's AW139 helicopters.
DC Police gets New Registration
Late last year spotters noticed a new helicopter, N2171C, which was confirmed to be visually identical to MPDC's existing AS350s. MPDC's Office of Communications confirmed to Alan Henney, "MPD's Falcon helicopter got assigned a new registration number. It is the same helicopter."
DC Police gets New Registration
Late last year spotters noticed a new helicopter, N2171C, which was confirmed to be visually identical to MPDC's existing AS350s. MPDC's Office of Communications confirmed to Alan Henney, "MPD's Falcon helicopter got assigned a new registration number. It is the same helicopter."
2023 #CopterSpotter Most Spotted Award
Winning the most spotted for the 3rd year in a row, the Air Force 1st Helicopter Squadron's primary mission is to be prepared to evacuate high-ranking personnel from the Capital area in the event of a national emergency. It also supports Washington D.C. area airlift for high-ranking Executive Branch, dignitaries, military leaders and other VIPs. The squadron also supports search and rescue missions. [Wikipedia]
Spotting tips:
- UH1N type helicopters have been in use since Vietnam, frequent breakdowns mean you might see this helo landed at your local playground or sports arena
- Goes by call sign MUSEL
- two blades on the main rotor when photographed
- distinct whooping noise
- dark blue with gold or blue and white stripe, commander flies grey livery with a yellow tail (left)
2024 Plans
Website Improvements
Our web developer, Sam Rees, has plans to integrate ADS-B data into the CopterSpotter.com browser. We'd also like to make the website as mobile friendly and "app-like" as possible to aid users in submitting spots on-the-go.
Investigate Military ADS-B Exemptions
With the media focused on aviation safety, now is the perfect time to fully investigate how liberally different military branches exercise their exemption to ADS-B transponder use. These transponders are supposed to be used in busy airspace like DC except during missions of "national defense, homeland security, intelligence or law enforcement purposes." In practice we find the military turning off transponders for stadium flyovers, honorary funeral flyovers, photography missions and air shows.
Continue to spread the word
We saw numbers fall off a little this year, though that can partially be attributed to decreased traffic and interest in a non-inauguration year, I believe there is more than enough day-to-day interest to bolster our data if we continue to engage with users and make our system easier to use. We also have a major election next winter which will result in a slew of security-related flights.